Postoperative pain in orthognathic surgery: a little more light on this issue
Editorial Commentary

正颌外科的术后疼痛:关于该问题的一点启示

José Rodrigues Laureano Filho1, Tatiane Fonseca Faro1, Ana Maria Menezes Caetano2, Nádia Maria Conceição Duarte2

1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; 2Department of Surgery, Federal University of Pernambuco, Hospital das Clínicas, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil

Correspondence to: José Rodrigues Laureano Filho. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Pernambuco, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, Recife, Pernambuco 50100-130, Brazil. Email: laureano.filho@upe.br.

Comment on: Tomic J, Wallner J, Mischak I, et al. Intravenous ibuprofen versus diclofenac plus orphenadrine in orthognathic surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical study. Clin Oral Investig 2022;26:4117-25.


Received: 31 May 2022; Accepted: 05 September 2022; Published: 30 December 2022.

doi: 10.21037/joma-22-18


疼痛的定义由国际疼痛研究协会(IASP)的分类小组委员会于1978年提出,并由该机构的理事会批准,John J. Bonica教授时任该协会主席。疼痛被定义为“与实际或潜在组织损伤相关的不愉快的感觉、情感体验或描述”。从那时起,这个术语就被广泛应用于医疗保健、教学和研究的公共和私人机构,包括世界卫生组织[1]。但是,如今,即使对术后急性疼痛的产生因素有了更深入的了解,即使有了新的镇痛药物、给药方法和创伤较小的手术技术,术后急性疼痛的预防、诊断和治疗仍然不一定正确,在急性疼痛领域发表的研究报告中仍然能发现患者之间的疼痛强度存在很大差异[2]。而这些尚未解决的问题需要更多的讨论、研究并制定指南指导实践,因为充分的镇痛可以提高患者术后的生活质量,降低发病率,使患者实现术后早期下床活动,缩短住院时间,提高患者满意度,更快地恢复日常活动[3]

Tomic等人通过前瞻性、随机、双盲、对照临床研究[4]为更好地控制特定类型的难以控制的术后疼痛寻求答案,采用以下技术进行正颌手术:勒福Ⅰ型截骨术(Le Fort Ⅰ osteotomy)、双侧颌骨截骨术(bimaxillary osteotomy,BIMAX)、双侧矢状劈开截骨术(bilateral sagittal split osteotomy,BSSO)或分段截骨术。

正颌手术后住院时间延长或再次入院的主要原因是疼痛和肿胀[5-6]。患者在做完这种类型的手术后往往会报告中度到重度的疼痛[7]。在大型颌面手术中,多模式镇痛,包括超前镇痛,有较好的镇痛效果[3]

该研究在109名参与者中比较了两种不同治疗方案的镇痛效果:布洛芬600 mg或双氯芬酸75 mg与奥芬那君30 mg静脉注射,每天2次,为期3天。评估的主要结果是使用数字评分量表(NRS)评估术后疼痛的程度,次要结果是阿片类药物和扑热息痛的使用情况。还记录了使用镇痛药的主要不良事件、主要的术后并发症、身体质量指数(BMI)、体重、人口统计学数据(性别、年龄)和平均住院时间(天数)。

多模式镇痛考虑使用具有不同机制和作用部位的镇痛药,目的是缓解疼痛和减少阿片类药物的使用[8-9]。因此,非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)是最值得推荐的药物之一。布洛芬是一种在世界各地广泛使用的镇痛药,通常作为多模式镇痛方法的一个组成部分来治疗术后疼痛。

在外周抗炎药如双氯芬酸中加入中枢性肌肉松弛药可增加其效力并延长其镇痛时间[10]。既往研究表明,使用双氯芬酸-奥芬那君输液是一种有效且安全的镇痛策略,此外,还易于管理和组合,可缓解手术后的疼痛[11-12]

该研究发现的统计学上的显著差异包括:

  • 术后第一天的NRS疼痛评分较高;
  • BIMAX双氯芬酸-奥芬那君组与BIMAX-布洛芬组在术后第三天的平均NRS较高;
  • BMI越高,术后第二天和第三天的NRS越高。

通过这些结果,作者得出结论:接受双颌骨截骨术的BMI较低的患者,若使用布洛芬进行管理,术后第三天的疼痛程度较低。所以布洛芬在缓解这种正颌手术的术后急性疼痛方面比双氯芬酸加奥芬那君更有效。

这项研究的一些观点可能会引起读者的质疑,需要进一步阐明:

  • 为什么没有使用这类研究的理想选择,即分层随机化?
  • 尽管手术时间从18分钟到123.5分钟不等,且无术后并发症,但该研究报告称平均住院时间为6.18天。这个住院时间是否太长?
  • BMI为多少时,疼痛评分开始明显提高?
  • 作者使用了疼痛的NRS,一个11分的数字评分表,0代表“无痛”,10代表“难以忍受的疼痛”。但临床医生通常将疼痛强度分为:0为无痛;1~4为轻度疼痛;5~7为中度疼痛;8~10为重度疼痛。在这项研究中,BIMAX-布洛芬组的术后第三天的平均疼痛分值明显较低,为1.23,而BIMAX双氯芬酸-奥芬那君组的平均分值为2.73(P=0.015)。尽管有统计学意义,但各组的疼痛平均数仍在轻度疼痛范畴内。这一发现的临床影响是什么?

最后,必须指出,通过这项研究,作者为正颌外科手术术后疼痛管理这一晦涩难懂的问题带来了新的启示,因此,值得我们尊敬和祝贺。


Acknowledgments

Funding: None.


Footnote

Provenance and Peer Review: This article was commissioned by the editorial office, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Anesthesia. The article did not undergo external peer review.

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://joma.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/joma-22-18/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement:The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.


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译者介绍
裴蓓
上海交通大学医学院临床医学八年制在读。(更新时间:2023-03-09)
审校介绍
夏明
上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院麻醉科副主任医师,副教授,硕士研究生导师,人工智能课题组长。Journal of Medical Artificial IntelligenceJMAI)主编,Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial AnesthesiaJOMA)执行主编,中华口腔医学会口腔麻醉专业委员会全国常务委员,中华口腔医学会镇静镇痛专委会全国常务委员,中国康复医学会疼痛康复专委会全国委员。(更新时间:2023-03-09)

(本译文仅供学术交流,实际内容请以英文原文为准。)

doi: 10.21037/joma-22-18
Cite this article as: Laureano Filho JR, Faro TF, Caetano AMM, Duarte NMC. Postoperative pain in orthognathic surgery: a little more light on this issue. J Oral Maxillofac Anesth 2022;1:38.

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